Site Characteristics

Sunlight:

• full sun
• part shade

Soil conditions:

• tolerates damp soil
• Tolerates poor drainage

Prefers moist but well-drained soil that is high in organic matter.

Hardiness zones:

• 3 to 8

May be only marginally hardy in Zone 3.

Plant Traits

Lifecycle: perennial

Ease-of-care: easy

Height: 1.5 to 3 feet

Spread: 1 to 2 feet

Can spread aggressively by rhizomes and self-seeding.

Bloom time: mid-summer

Flower color: yellow

Foliage color: dark green

Opposite or arranged in whorls around the stem.

Foliage texture: medium

Shape: upright

Shape in flower: flower stalks with upright spikes

Star-like flowers borne along erect stems where the leaves meet the stems.

Special Considerations

Special characteristics:

• aggressive - Spreads rapidly by runner-like roots and by self-seeding.
• non-invasive
• not native to North America - Native to Europe.

Growing Information